How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment?

In the accompanying task, I will quickly characterize the ‘Enlightenment' and the particular conditions when it developed. I will recognize and examine, if the ‘Enlightenment' has fundamental beliefs and I will offer motivations to reinforcement my choices. At that point there will be a concise conversation about the current highlights of Social Work association and hostile to oppressive practice comparable to ladies. I will clarify if the current element of Social Work Practice shows any connection with the ‘Enlightenment' values. Because of word impediment, it is hard to talk about and dissect the entirety of the ‘Enlightenment' values. I will concentrate on two of the qualities: ‘tolerance and opportunity' to talk about and break down them with the combination of the Social Work Practice. Benson et al (refered to in Spybey, T. 1997) clarifies that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' is a term used to portray those scholars of the eighteenth century who built up the premise of taking a gander at the general public in a logical way†. The' Enlightenment' developments began in sixteenth and seventeenth century. Consequently â€Å"It's underlying foundations go a lot farther back in western history and it kept on growing long after the eighteenth century, Hollinger (1994) calls it â€Å"a program for improving human life was worked out†. It occurred in eighteenth century yet essentially in the second 50% of the18th century, French instructed people considered themselves ‘Philosophes' who got known as the ‘Enlightenment'. As indicated by Porter (1990 refered to in Hall et al 1992: 24) â€Å"The Enlightenment was the period which saw the rise of a common scholarly people sufficiently enormous and incredible enough just because to challenge the pastorate. The key space wherein ‘Enlightenment' learned people engaged with supporting existing, man and society, which was continued by the congregation authority and it's syndication over the data media of the time†. The ‘Enlightenment' tested the conventional and strict perspectives and thoughts. The general public, the world, individuals and nature, all were found in the light of the customary and strict perspectives which were ruled by Christianity. Hamilton (1997 refered to in Handouts, 2003) and Hall et al (1992: 7) clarifies that â€Å"From around 1760, â€Å"A point of view summarized in Voltaire's expression ‘㠯⠿â ½crasez l'infame': implies ‘crush the scandalous thing' and †¦ it turned into a nutritious catchphrase†. It restricted the Catholic Church and strict convictions for instance Script of Bible, supernatural occurrences related with Jesus and different prophets, God and blessed messenger's presence, the congregation's power and individuals' convictions were censured, which depended on the religion and convention. Lobby et al (1992: 20) communicates that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment is the establishment of ‘Modernity' and ‘Modern Social Science'. It changed the perspective by grasping it as methodical, logical and practical†. Its rise gave ‘Philosophes' a more extensive scoops to investigate past their strict and conventional convictions. It made an air for ‘Philosophes' to have confidence in the â€Å"pre-distinction of observational, realist information: the model in this regard outfitted by science, an eagerness for innovative and clinical advancement and a craving for legitimate and sacred reform† (Johnson, I. Freebees: 2003). Essentially, the ‘Enlightenment established a framework for individuals to think generously and have some feeling of equity in the general public. In my view, the above noteworthy elements were the bases of the ‘Enlightenment's qualities, which let the ‘Enlightenment' create and progress consistently. Since it was the first run through when it was caused feasible for individuals to investigate and communicate their own convictions and view and test the legitimacy of their considerations, through logical, deliberate ways and without being limited by strict and conventional limitations. The ‘Enlightenment' values acquired changes and advancement in the general public and in the individuals' perspectives and musings. It set the achievement for our new present day world that we live in today. It likewise opened up the open doors for ‘Philosophes' to work, investigate and analyze in a more extensive setting and transfer their thoughts and perspectives with some opportunity. It canceled the customary and odd considerations and biases. It made open doors for legitimate and strict renewal to happen. I believe that all the progressions and improvement have just occurred on the grounds that the ‘Enlightenment' values were in presence and were sufficiently able to challenge the most grounded position; the houses of worship of that time. As houses of worship and its specialists have had an incredible impact and control over individuals, economy, governmental issues, law, social, consistently life even the ruler/s of that time. Lobby et al (1992: 21-22) had characterized the fundamental beliefs of the ‘Enlightenment' which are summed up as the accompanying: * Reason (nationality): systemized associates (even minded or tested). * Empiricism: people; perspectives and mindfulness that being increased through their observations and decisions. * Science: in light of logical techniques and hypotheses and can be tried deliberately and deductively. * Universalism: intentions and science can be utilitarian in all and each circumstance; if the chief were the equivalent. * Progress: the idea of progress in the regular and social states of individuals. * Individualism: a general public depends on the musings and convictions of its individuals and every part id cause of all â€Å"knowledge and activity and his reasons can not be emotional to a more significant position authority. * Toleration: the thought of that every single individual are basically the equivalent, notwithstanding their strict or good feelings and that the convictions of different races and human progress not innately mediocre compared to those of European Christianity. * Freedom: a resistance to primitive and customary imperatives or on accepts: exchanges, correspondence, social association, sexuality, and responsibility for (in spite of the fact that as we will see the augmentation of opportunity to ladies and the lower-classes was tricky for Philosophies)† (Hall et al. 1992: 22-23). * Uniformity of human instinct: all the humankinds are a similar all around the globe. * Secularism: non-strict and non-conventional specialists and a restriction to the customary strict position and legends. Presently, I will examine the ‘Enlightenment's qualities: ‘toleration' and ‘freedom' in the connection with the current Social Work practice particularly comparable to hostile to prejudicial work on in regards to ladies, to build up if the Enlightenment's qualities are connected or have affected Social Work practice. I have encountered through my work involvement in various networks that by and large, ladies are dealt with unreasonably and inconsistent in the general public at most levels. Ladies have less opportunity and rights than men. Comprehensively, the ladies of 21th century are as yet battling to increase an equivalent spot as men in the general public. Master (2003: class-notes) focuses on that â€Å"From birth to death ladies need to battle in their lives to get to their privileges e.g government assistance, individual, social, political, human, social, conventional, strict, worker, employment†. The Social Work underlines firmly on hostile to harsh and against unfair practice. â€Å"During the late 1980s social work instruction turned out to be progressively mindful of the effect of abuse and separation on customers and networks. There was a developing and acknowledgment of relative disregard of such issues in conventional ways to deal with social work in 1989, the Central Council for Education and Training in Social (CCETSW) set out the guidelines and prerequisites for the students† of Social work to rehearse in hostile to oppressive manners. †¦CCETSW additionally look to guarantee that understudies are set up to battle different types of separation dependent on age, sex, sexual direction, class, incapacity, culture or creed† (CCETSW 1989: 10 refered to in Thompson, N. 1997: 1). The adjustment in the CCETSW's guideline demonstrates that the separation despite everything exists particularly against specific gatherings and ladies are one of them and there is a need to battle segregation. Besides, it likewise expresses that it was perceived that the separation was connected with ‘traditional approaches'. It might imply that the ‘traditional perspectives' despite everything exists in our the present society, which the ‘Enlightenment' needed to dispose of, to give individuals ‘freedom' and to advance equity for all people without their disparities they had through ‘toleration'. Clearly, the â€Å"Enlightenment positively spread idea of correspondence (restricted), majority rule government and liberation †¦.† (Hall et al.1992: 33). Yet, with regards to ladies then it appears as though that the ladies were practically imperceptible in the ‘Enlightenment'. Corridor et al (1992: 60) communicated that â€Å"There was no Enlightenment for ladies. Anyway they (Enlightenment) tested the boss the privileges of house, the privileges of Citizens, slaves, Jews, Indians and youngsters yet not those of women†. Under the ‘Enlightenment's estimations of ‘toleration and opportunity': â€Å"all the people are basically the same† yet it was not applied to ladies. Doorman (2001: 69) clarifies that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment' assisted with liberating a man from his past†¦.by announcing that â€Å"all people are equivalent notwithstanding their race, religion, convictions, human advancement and good convictions†¦ and Lock (1992 alluded in Hall et al. 1992: 66) includes that as per the ‘Enlightenment', â€Å"Every man has an equivalent right ‘to his normal freedom†. Comparative, the ‘Code of Practice for Social Care Worker (CPSCW) necessitates that the social consideration laborers must â€Å"promote equivalent open doors for administration clients and†¦ regarding decent variety and various societies and values† (GSCC, 2002:

Essay on Capital Punishment Example For Students

Article on Capital Punishment Outline1 Introduction2 Execution and its methods3 Advantages and drawbacks of the executions3.1 Advantages3.2 Disadvantages4 Conclusion Presentation The vast majority of the warmed conversations and discussions spin around the subject of the death penalty. Particularly it is very mainstream among understudies, who have picked law as their major, to make this point one of the focal thoughts of their factious article or even proposition. One can scarcely think of a crueler method to perpetrate a punishment for bad behavior than the death penalty. In law, it is normally characterized as the demonstration where the individual is to be slaughtered in the event that they have carried out such wrongdoings as murder, less magnificence, a wrongdoing against a human or annihilation. The death penalty is the main conceivable approach to secure individuals and prevent bad behavior. Till nineteenth century the death penalty, or as such capital punishment, was utilized as the main choice to give security and assurance from lawbreakers. We will compose a custom article on Capital Punishment explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the cutting edge world, capital punishment is treated in various ways. For instance, practically all Europe, just as Oceanic nations and Canada, have revoked capital punishment and executions. In actuality, the United States, acknowledge a choice to hold this discipline, despite the fact that some may think about it as an infringement of the constitution. The general public accepts that our human progress has better and less remorseless approaches to rebuff genuine lawbreakers. Also, capital punishment is an activity against contentions in the constitution. Regular conclusion claims it to be a spurning of alterations ( eighth and fourteenth) in the Constitution. Execution and its strategies Executions were as one of the way to stop hoodlums from carrying out homicide and different types of wrongdoings. In spite of the way that the general public considers unsatisfactory to utilize capital punishment so as to diminish murder recurrence, the authority of certain nations think distinctively and, in this manner, apply the accompanying sorts of capital punishment: Deadly infusion The United States previously utilized a go to such sort of capital punishment over 30 years prior.  Since then it is considered is the most across the board sort of the death penalty with its pace of 90%.  The technique includes the utilization of a blend of medications, where every one is deadly in proper sums. Electric shock Another much of the time utilized strategy of execution utilized in the United States is electric shock.  The method looks as following: the criminal enters an execution chamber and is put on a wooden seat with electric associations. The procedure starts, when all the important gear is connected. The method might be rehashed if the criminal isn't articulated to be dead. Hanging Capital punishment where hanging is included is one among the most established. Just three conditions of the United States despite everything go to this strategy. Prior to the very procedure, the doctor cautiously inspects the lawbreaker and guarantees prompt demise with no hindrances. Gas inward breath As of now, this technique is utilized distinctly in four states and just as an option in contrast to other regular types of capital punishment. The main issue a miscreant faces is that the method might be long and demise isn't generally moment. Shooting A transgressor might be shot once, for instance by a neck shot. In different cases, a miscreant can be executed by a terminating crew. The shooters for the most part focus on  wrongdoer’s chest so that to hit the lungs and heart. Points of interest and weaknesses of the executions The death row has tallied more than one thousand of detainees that were sentenced to capital punishment. Capital punishment is a warmed conversation these days. A few people concur and accept that the criminal who has carried out homicide ought to endure a similar demise, while others differ clarifying it as an unsuitable activity from the perspective of religion or morals. Such suppositions brought about the qualification between the preferences and drawbacks of the death penalty. .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .postImageUrl , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:hover , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:visited , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:active { border:0!important; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:active , .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!import ant; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ueb0a7ef4984f579e688ca7297306e515:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: On Dumpster Diving EssayAdvantages Viable wrongdoing obstruction Capital punishment is utilized not exclusively to rebuff those, who  have carried out homicide, a wrongdoing against human or some other genuine wrongdoing, yet in addition so as to alarm individuals and miscreants, and put them off doing inadmissible things. The dread of sufferings ought to be the factor to prevent an individual from bad behavior. Cash sparing It is notable that the state goes through gigantic measures of cash to execute transgressors waiting for capital punishment. They will set aside more cash if a detainee is condemned to the death penalty than if they are bolted for the entire life in jail. Indeed, even a few pros consider the social insurance and food gracefully of a detainee to be useless and only a misuse of cash. Brief timeframe languishing The occasion and the way that a detainee nearly doesn't endure  are among advantages of this activity. Such far reaching technique as deadly infusion is only a brief moment, to the extent drugs are harmful and its sums cause moment passing. Drawbacks Execution of a non-criminal It's a given that each framework is flawed, so it here and there happens that guiltless individuals get detained and are condemned for violations they are unessential as well. An obtuse activity Capital punishment is a flat out debate to what guarantee a few religions, human profound quality, morals. It is consistently important to recall one thing that we ought to never make hurt each other and never do a thing to others that we would not do to ourselves. A purpose behind mental injury Psychotrauma is one more drawback of the death penalty. Capital punishment includes a detainee as well as someone else, who will remove their lives. That is the reason such activity may leave an awful preference for mouth and ache of blame. End The death penalty is an idea that is dealt with contrastingly in the public eye. Despite the fact that there are individuals who express their difference and hatred concerning the death penalty, they are back-tied and have no forces to meddle. Until they have a place with power, obviously. While the legislature will adhere to the idea that the death penalty will alarm away hoodlums, they will see no outcomes in the variance of the quantity of murders and wrongdoings. Each and every other individual has its own standards to adhere to and its own wants to be persuaded by. Does a  person have a sentiment of what is adequate and what isn't, at that point the death penalty has no impact on them?  The sky is as far as possible in their activities.

How to Find a Good Essay Writing Samples

How to Find a Good Essay Writing SamplesIf you are looking for the best essay writing samples then I have found it in my search to find those from old SAT essays. The old SAT essay that I was referring to was written by a woman who was in the Middle East.I was curious and went online to check out what she had written and I was shocked at what I found. Her writing was a piece of art, well done if you ask me. She did indeed use old SAT essay writing samples from her old SAT days.The one thing that stuck out to me the most about her writing was the fact that she did not try to rewrite or improve on her old SAT essay. Instead she just copied and pasted what she had already written and just wrote in an entirely different style.My original intention was to learn some of the best essay writing samples but I quickly learned that no, not all the best essay writing samples are old SAT essay samples. There are plenty of good essay writing samples that are still in use today.There is a reason fo r this, it is because essay writing is not that difficult, and this is why so many people fail when they try to write a good essay. And the main reason is because there are so many people who try to out do each other in this endeavor.An example of this is the person who tries to make their essay so unique that it is completely different than what everyone else has written before. What they don't realize is that when their essay is reviewed by others, and they don't write in a very unique style, then their essay is not that unique but rather the same as the hundreds that preceded it.There are also plenty of essays that are already in use and were just updated to reflect some of the changes made with the SAT. So you see, old SAT essay writing samples can actually be very helpful to those who need some help learning how to write an essay.But in order to find those essay writing samples for use in your essay, you will need to find a way to catch them. If you go to any college fair then you will probably find a large number of students trying to get their essays reviewed by others.

Reformation in continental Europe and England and its...

Reformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth century. One of the main ones was that the papal authority and credibility were damaged. This was done through, Avignon papacy, - a time where the headquarters of the Holy See had to be moved from Rome to Avignon, it brought uncertainty to the people,†¦show more content†¦It raised the level of education and brought about new scientific discoveries. Renaissance emphasized biblical languages, and allowed for critical analysis of the Bible. This led to different doctrinal interpretations such as that of Martin Luther in Germany, who was convinced that salvation came through faith in Jesus and not the sacraments of Church and John Calvin in Switzerland, who believed God has decided the destiny of a person and nothing could change this. The invention of printing by Johann Gutenberg provided a powerful instrument for the spread of these learning and Reformation ideas e.g John Calvinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Institutes of the Christian religionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This sped up the Reformation because it allowed widespread broadcasting of criticism of the Church around Europe. While these were the main causes of Reformation in continental Europe, in England, King Henry VIII initiated the Reformation. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, after she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne. However, a divorce was not a simple issue. Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognise, let alone support, divorce. He also wanted to prevent the interference of foreign powers in the national and international affairs of the country.Show MoreRelatedReformation in Continental Europe and England and Its Consequences1611 Words   |  7 PagesReformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. 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The Tragic Heroes Of Sophocles Oedipus The King And...

Rough Draft Ignorance is one of the most hidden but controlling characteristics one may have. It carves the path for many plays and stories and is usually not recognized until a situation is too late to fix. This is represented in the two plays Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles. Oedipus and Creon, the two the tragic heroes, have ignorance built up inside of them, though both are different. They then both then have realisation of their blindness by self-love, either by themselves or others. It is only two late when they see reality because they have already lost something dear to them and later grieve, only blaming themselves. Though both stories are formated the same, both show different lessons and circumstances. In both Oedipus the King and Antigone, the tragic heroes are masked in ignorance which after a tragic downfall, is only recognized after it’s too late and an item dear to them is gone. In the story of Oedipus the King, the tragic hero, Oedipus, is masked in ignorance from the reality of his ruling of Thebes. Because of his ignorance, he is fast to make assumptions and tends to stick with them. He makes the speculation that Creon is manipulatively trying to kick Oedipus out of his position as king. â€Å"Must Creon. so long my friend, my most trusted friend, Stalk me by stealth, and study to dispossess of me, Of this power this city has given me- freely given - This pedlar of fraudulent magical tricks, with eyes Wide open for profit, but blind in prophecy?†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Antigone By Sophocles1074 Words   |  5 Pages1 Gabriel Smith Professor Christopher Foster English 1302 01 March 2016 Essay 2: Antigone A hero is a person who shows courage or noble qualities in the face of danger. There are many different types of heroes in literature and media such as superheroes saving the world, or an everyday fireman saving a kitten from a tree. 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The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece, though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays are hardly ever set there. (Sophocles). It begins with the death of two brothers, Polyneices and EteoclesRead More Creon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Since the play’s inception, there has always existed a contention concerning the true hero of Sophocles’ Antigone. It is a widely held belief that Antigone must be the main character simply because she and the drama share name. This is, of course, a very logical assumption. Certainly Sophocles must have at least meant her to be viewed as the protagonist, else he would not have given her the play’s title. Analytically speaking, however, Creon doesRead MoreCreon as Tragic Hero1586 Words   |  7 PagesFinest In the Greek play Antigone, Creon and Antigone can both be claimed the title of Tragic Hero. Creon was made king when Oedipus Rex fled the kingship. Creon is the brother in law of Oedipus, and was giving the kingship only because Oedipus’s sons, Eteocles and Polyneices were killed trying to fight for the thrown. Antigone is Oedipus’s daughter and Creon’s niece. When it comes down to who the tragic hero is, Creon most definitely walks away with the title. A tragic hero by definition is ordinaryRead MoreAn Interpretive Analysis On Conflicting Self Reassurance1337 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone: An Interpretive Analysis on Conflicting Self-Reassurance Antigone is a complex, yet debatable play, written by Sophocles somewhere around 442 BC. Chronologically, it is the third of the three Theban plays, but was the first to be written. In addition, Antigone was also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written. The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece. Though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays areRead More Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesCreon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone There has always been a bit of confusion as to the tragic hero of the Greek Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in which

British Airways - 3360 Words

Report on â€Å"British Airways Strategy Information Systems† TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: MISSION STATEMENT 3 CHAPTER 2: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 4 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 5 PEST ANALYSIS 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 7 CHAPTER 4: INFORMATIONS SYSTEMS 8 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT OPERATIONAL LEVEL 8 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT MANAGERIAL LEVEL 11 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT STRATEGIC LEVEL 13 CHAPTER 5: SUGGESTED STRATEGY 14 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 Mission Statement: â€Å"To be the most exclusive and first choice airline for all airline travelers† We recommend a new mission statement after a consultation process involving our group members. The mission statement can replace an†¦show more content†¦Relevant key performance indicators (KPI) are set. Environmental Analysis: Economic Increased interest rates credit crunch in US are affecting people to spend on luxuries like long distance air travel. The economic environment of the airline sector has been characterized by growth in relation to most key figures. Air travel demand has closely mirrored the cyclical pattern shown by gross domestic product (GDP) figures in that it responds to cyclical upswings and downswings. However, air travel growth has far exceeded GDP growth over the period. Between 1960 and 1995 the total world economy, measured by GDP, grew by a factor of just over three, while air transport, measured by tonne-kilometres, grew by a factor of nearly 20 (Hanlon, 1999).Furthermore, fuel and aircraft prices are major expenditure items subject to fluctuations and the international orientation of the industry means that movements in foreign exchange rates can have major effects upon industry profitability. Holloway (1998) maintained that aviation managers face the need to pursue strategies capable of sustaining profitability throughout entire economic cycles. Social Increased popularity in foreign travel is leading to a boom in demand for air travel. However, this has been adversely affected by international terrorism. A number of demographic factors point towards a greater use of air travel. Thus an increasing proportion of the population is relatively healthy and prosperous, increasingShow MoreRelatedBritish Airways3107 Words   |  13 PagesINTRODUCTION This report will be based upon a promotional plan for revenue enhancement, consisting of a marketing audit of British Airways (BA). It is essential to gather and explore most recent published company information, in order to examine the overall marketing performance of the company. 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Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 3. Short History 3.1 British Airways †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 3.2 Easyjet and Ryanair†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 4. Prior to the Recession 4.1 British Airways †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBritish Airways - Organizational Structure5689 Words   |  23 Pages2009 Structural Perspective: British Airways Andrà © Costa Choi Sin Man Jiyun Baek 0 1 – Introduction In different working fields, companies face the pressure of globalization, and they must find new ways to overcome this challenge. The following example, introduces the case of British Airways, which needs to deal with the globalization issue trying to reduce the operational costs, increase profits and provide suitable services to customers. According to British Airways annual report from 2008/2009Read MoreBritish Airways Case Study3091 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction British Airways is the one of the largest airline companies, and the passengers carry overall in the fifth largest in the world. Most of plans are stay in Heathrow Airport which is the highest of main international airport. The British Airways has a long history and airlines cover 133 countries; include 373 airplanes. The BA Company includes 50,086 workers to be in the service, which is one of the largest employers and employees in the United Kingdom. British Airways (BA) is based

Eggshell Membrane Reduces Joint Pain free essay sample

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Design Carmelo Galati, SeeSaw Creative Communications, [emailprotected] ca Published Precision nutrition inc. , precisionnutrition. com aBSTRaCT Can Eggshell Membrane Reduce Joint Pain? BaCkGRound While many conventional treatments have been used to remedy chronic joint pain, interest continues to grow in the area of alternative, natural treatments. Eggshell membrane (EM) supplementation is a novel treatment for joint health, and has recently been shown to rapidly and continually improve joint pain in patients with osteoarthritis and joint and connective tissue disorders. The current study aimed to observe the effects of one particular eggshell membrane product (fast joint care+; FJC+) supplementation on chronic joint pain in physically active adults. METhodS Sixty adults (40. 2  ± 10. 2 y; 78. 6  ± 10. 2 kg) experiencing chronic joint pain supplemented daily with either 500mg FJC+ or placebo, over the course of 4 weeks. Participants also completed a weekly exercise protocol designed to challenge their irritated joint. Participants then rated their joint pain immediately, and one day after, this exercise challenge. RESulTS Participants in the FJC+ group reported significantly less joint pain post-exercise following FJC+ supplementation (-16. 13  ± 3. 60) when compared to those in the placebo group (–4. 30  ± 2. 84; p=0. 00171). In addition, during the 4 week study, both groups experienced decreases in next day joint pain (p=0. 0015), although there were no significant differences between the two groups (pgt;0. 05). ConCluSionS In the current study, daily FJC+ supplementation appeared to decrease post-exercise joint pain vs. placebo, although this effect did not persist 24 hours post-exercise. Because eggshell membrane research is in its infancy, further research may be needed to clarify its utility in managing joint pain. 1 Precision Nutrition | www. precisionnutrition. com BaCkGRound Why Study Eggshell Membrane? n the united States, over 20% of adults have reported doctor-diagnosed joint and connective tissue (JCT) disorders; this number has been projected to increase by 40% over the next 25 years [1, 2]. numerous forms of intervention have been used as treatments to improve joint pain. Conventionally, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (nSaids) and analgesics have been used to address joint pain associat ed with JCT disorders; however, their long term use has been associated with diverse and severe side effects including cardiac and gastrointestinal complications [3, 4]. Alternative therapies used to treat joint pain include dietary supplements; the most popular of these supplements being glucosamine, chondroitin and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). While many turn to these complementary treatments to avoid the side effects associated with NSAIDs and analgesics, there is little evidence to support their effectiveness, and the evidence that does exist is equivocal [5]. Several large-scale human clinical trials [6], including the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial, as well as a few additional meta-analyses and reviews [5, 7] have reported limited effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation in reducing joint pain. However, other groups have noted long-term improvements in joint pain from glucosamine supplementation alone [8], and further enhanced effectiveness of combined glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, rather than the separate use of either supplement [5, 9]. The question of their effectiveness in JCT populations is subject to ongoing debate. There has been growing interest in eggshell membrane (EM) supplementation as a treatment for joint pain, as it does not present the side effects of conventional treatments (NSAIDs). Eggshells and their membranes have been extensively analyzed 2 Eggshell Membrane Reduces Joint Pain for their components: the separate layers of the eggshell have been analyzed and found to contain several types of collagen (types X, I, V) [10-12]. Additionally, EM has been found to have notably high concentrations of a number of amino acids [13], collagenlike proteins [14-16], enzymes [17-19] and glycosminoglycans (GAGs). Glycosaminoglycans are of high interest, as they play key roles in connective tissue [20]. Glucosamine, hyaluronic acid and chondritin sulfate are important GAGs in EM (21, 22). With the high protein and enzyme content, and naturally occurring GAGs in EM, scientists and nutritional supplement companies have speculated that it could present a viable alternative to traditional joint disorder and osteoarthritis treatments. Additionally, while the aforementioned elements of EM have been detected, it should be noted that membrane components have not yet been wholly characterized; there are likely a number of compounds that have yet to be identified in the membrane. Some of these yet undetected elements may contribute to benefits or improvements seen in joint health. To date, very few studies have investigated the effects of EM supplementation on joint pain and range of motion. In rats, 4 weeks of EM treatment led to significant reductions in many proinflammatory cytokines (measured in plasma), notably including TNF-? nd IL-1 [23]. Two recent clinical reports [24, 25] investigated the timing and effectiveness of EM supplementation in JCT and osteoarthritis patients experiencing severe pain and limited range of motion. These patients received daily 500mg doses of oral EM for four to eight weeks. Rapid (seven to ten days) and continuous effects were seen in terms of reduced pain and stiffness, as well as im proved flexibility. In both investigations, there were no reports of adverse effects with supplementation. In the present study, we set out to observe the effects of EM (fast joint care+; FJC+) supplementation on joint pain within a physically active adult population experiencing chronic joint pain in one of four joints (ankle, knee, shoulder or elbow). As many adults use exercise to manage joint and connective tissue disorders, this population would likely see great benefit from adjunct therapies designed to reduce pain and increase range of motion. 3 Precision Nutrition | www. precisionnutrition. com METhodS What We Did. And How We Did It. Prior to commencing the study, all participants gave their informed consent. A total of 60 adults between the ages of 18 and 70 (45 men and 15 women; 40. 2  ± 10. 2 y; 78. 6  ± 10. 2 kg; see Table 1) agreed to participate. Each reported chronic pain in one of the following joints: elbow, shoulder, ankle or knee. Participants were recruited online through a popular health and fitness community and data were collected through self reports in a distance-based capacity. Participants were also prescreened to exclude those who had used any additional medications (methotrexate or immunosuppressants), NSAIDs, analgesics, or joint supplements (MSM, glucosamine or chondroitin) two weeks prior to the start of the study. Those with egg allergies, or who were pregnant or breastfeeding, were also excluded. Participants were asked to refrain from use of pain medications throughout the study period. TaBlE 1. dEMoGRaPhiCS of BoTh SuPPlEMEnT and PlaCEBo GRouPS GRouP MalES fEMalES aGE (yRS) WEiGhT (kG) knEE loCaTion of Join Pain ShouldER ElBoW anklE Supplement Placebo 23 22 7 8 41. 0 +/- 10. 0 39. 4 +/- 10. 5 78. 6 +/- 10. 4 78. 6 +/- 10. 1 12 13 10 10 6 5 2 2 Sex, age, weight, and reported joint pain area are shown for each group. In order to participate, individuals had to be exercising regularly, at least three times per week. They were screened for their regular physical activity (reported 4. 8  ± 1. 1 exercise sessions/wk), and asked to ensure that both their exercise and nutritional regimens remained unchanged over the course of the study. After matching for age, sex, and affected joint, participants (n=60) were randomly assigned to receive either the EM supplement (fast joint care+; FJC+), or a placebo supplement for 4 weeks. These groups did not differ significantly in terms of age or weight, contained similar numbers of men and women, and contained similar numbers of individuals with shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle pain (see Table 1). All supplements were provided to subjects in identically marked containers, and all capsules (placebo and FJC+) were identical in appearance (color, flavor, size). All participants were instructed to take their â€Å"supplement† once per day, at the same time of day (i. e. first thing in the morning, with breakfast). 4 Eggshell Membrane Reduces Joint Pain Each capsule of the FJC+ supplement contained 500mg of Gallus gallus (chicken) eggshell membrane extract (a commercial preparation sold as fast joint care+ by Genuine Health, Toronto, Ontario); additional non-medical ingredients included rice flour, magnesium stearate, gelatin, and water. The color and flavor matched placebo capsules contained only rice flour, magnesium stearate, gelatin, and water. The individual components of FJC+ were not quantified in the supplement as the product is intended to be used as a complete eggshell membrane extract, without additional ingredients (ie. additional glucosamine, chondroitin, etc. . In addition to their normal exercise program, participants were asked to complete an additional exercise challenge once per week. This exercise challenge was to be completed on the same day of each week (Monday) and at the same time of day (in the morning, after supplementation and breakfast). The exercise challenge for those with chronic shoulder or elbow pain consisted of pushups. For those with chronic knee or ankle pain, the exercise challenge consisted of jump squats. Each of these sessions involved performing 10 sets of 5 repetitions of the given movement, with 2 minutes of rest between sets. Immediately after each exercise challenge session, participants rated their specific joint pain on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at two time points: within 10 minutes of completing the challenge and 24 hours following the challenge. Compliance to the exercise programming and supplementation schedule was self-reported and logged by participants; those logs were provided to researchers weekly via email. Subjects were also asked to report any side effects during the trial. Joint pain was assessed using a 100mm visual analog scale (VAS), and participants submitted this information via electronic form. A self-assessment was performed at the two time points (post-exercise, and next day after exercise) for each of the 4 weeks. Each subject was asked to â€Å"click on the line below to indicate how severe the pain is on the affected joint with 0 being no pain and 100 being pain as bad as it can be†. Responses were submitted electronically on a weekly basis, after each pair of assessments. VAS scores were then measured in millimeters from the left hand end of the scale to the point marked by the subject. Data were collected across the 4 weeks of supplementation, and analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (i. . MANOVA). In cases of significant interactions (p? 0. 05) post-hoc analysis was performed using Student’s t-test for comparison between groups, and paired t-test for comparison within groups (JMP, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC). The VAS ratings were reported on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 indicating no pain, and 100 representing greatest pain. Where ap propriate, change scores were examined after adjusting absolute scores and then comparing between groups with a one-way analysis. All values are reported as mean  ± SEM, and statistical significance was set at p? 0. 5. To summarize the protocol in brief: During week 1 of the investigation, subjects took their first 500mg dose of FJC+ with breakfast on Monday. After breakfast they immediately performed their first exercise challenge and then rated their joint pain using the VAS described above. In addition, they rated their joint pain on Tuesday, 24h later. During each subsequent week, subjects repeated the same protocol, providing 4 weeks’ worth of joint pain data, with week 1 serving as a baseline. 5 Precision Nutrition | www. precisionnutrition. com RESulTS So What Happened? Following 4 weeks of supplementation, participants in the FJC+ group had a significantly greater decrease in post-exercise joint pain compared to participants in the placebo group (-16. 13  ± 3. 60 in the FJC+ group and –4. 30  ± 2. 84 in the placebo group; p=0. 0171; see Figure 1). Figure 2 illustrates changes in joint pain between groups across the 4 weeks of supplementation: main effects were found for both time (p=0. 0003) and the interaction between group and time (p=0. 0354). 0 Change in Joint Pain Index (VAS) -5 Placebo FJC+ -10 -15 -20 * -25 Figure 1. Mean change in joint pain (measured with VAS) following 4 weeks of supplementation. Participants in the FJC+ group experienced significantly larger decreases in post-exercise joint pain compared to participants in placebo group (p=0. 0171). Note: absolute scores were adjusted into change scores, which were then compared between groups using a one-way analysis. 6 Eggshell Membrane Reduces Joint Pain 50 Joint Pain Index (VAS) 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 Weeks 3 4 FJC+ Placebo * Figure 2. Post-exercise joint pain (measured with VAS) across 4 weeks of supplementation. There was a main effect for time (p=0. 0003), and an interaction between time and group (p=0. 354), indicating greater joint pain decreases in the FJC+ group (-43. 4%) than the placebo group (-30. 6%). Post-hoc analysis showed between group differences from week 1 to week 4 (p=0. 0171). Note: higher VAS values indicate more pain. In accordance with Figure 1, post-exercise joint pain in the FJC+ group decreased by 43. 4% while the placebo group experienced a 30. 6% decrease in pain over the 4 week period. Post-hoc analysis shows a mean difference between groups when comparing overall change in pain from week 1 to week 4 (p=0. 0171). Next day reports of joint pain also decreased over time (p=0. 015; see Figure 3) with next day joint pain decreasing by 46. 7% in the FJC+ group (from 35. 34  ± 4. 33 during week 1 to 18. 82  ± 4. 38 during week 4) and by 40. 9% in the placebo group (from 26. 38  ± 4. 58 during week 1 to 15. 59  ± 4. 01 during week 4). There were no significant differences between the groups’ joint pain scores across the 4 weeks of supplementation (p=0. 1971 for group and time interaction). 7 Precision Nutrition | www. precisionnutrition. com 50 Joint Pain Index (VAS) 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 Weeks 3 4 FJC+ Placebo Figure 3. Next day joint pain (m easured with VAS) across 4 weeks of supplementation. A main effect was seen for time (p=0. 0015). However, there were no significant differences between groups across the 4 weeks (pgt;0. 05), indicating similar joint pain decreases in both the FJC+ group (-46. 7%) and the placebo group (-40. 9%). Note: higher VAS values indicate more pain. Participants in both placebo and FJC+ supplementation groups did not report any side effects during the study. 8 Eggshell Membrane Reduces Joint Pain diSCuSSion Some Clarifications About Our Work The results of this investigation suggest that four weeks of supplementation with 500mg fJC+ daily improves post-exercise joint pain vs. upplementation with placebo, specifically in physically active adults experiencing pain in the ankles, knees, shoulders, and elbows. Other investigations using EM supplementation have observed similar reductions in joint pain, specifically in populations with osteoarthritis and JCT disorders. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, daily oral administrati on of either 500mg placebo or 500mg EM was given to patients with knee osteoarthritis [24]. After 10 days, rapid improvements in both joint pain and stiffness were seen in the EM group. Improvements in pain and stiffness were sustained (and enhanced) following 60 days of administration. A similar study with JCT patients [25] also observed both rapid (7 days) and sustained (30 days) improvements in pain and flexibility following daily administration of 500mg EM. There were no adverse events reported in either study, and the treatments appeared to be well tolerated by the patients. These statistically and clinically significant outcomes suggest that EM supplementation may be a natural and effective alternative therapy for both clinical populations with limited activity levels as well as physically active populations. Many of the various components present in EM have been thoroughly analyzed. Eggshells consist of a number of layers: an inner and outer membrane, a mammillary layer (connecting the eggshell and outer membrane), an outer palisade layer, and an outer cuticle covering the eggshell [10]. The inner and outer shell membranes are the first layers of extracellular matrix covering the egg itself [11]; the outer membrane is predominantly made of type I collagen, whereas the inner membrane consists mainly of type V collagen [12]. In addition, type X collagen has been reported to occur in both of these membrane structures [10]. EM amino acid profiles have also shown high concentrations of arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, cystine and proline [13]. Additionally, a number of collagen-like proteins (including hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, desmosine, and isodesmosine) are primary structural components of the membranes. 9 Precision Nutrition | www. precisionnutrition. com Other components have been quantified in EM including: lysyl oxidase (reported to play a role in the development and repair of connective tissue), ovotransferrin, and lysozyme [17-19]. However, the presence of glycosaminoglycans in EM is of particular interest. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as glucosamine, are composed of repeating hexosamine disasccharides and act as major components of connective tissue [20]. Clearly, there are a number of individual components present in the EM that have known physiological roles in joint and connective tissue; however, EM is novel in that it is a natural extract that provides a combined source of these compounds. The absolute quantity of each component in the EM is not known, and those quantities may likely vary with each extraction in the supplement production process. Additionally, it is plausible that a number of yet unisolated elements, proteins, and enzymes exist in EM, which may also contribute to improved joint and connective tissue health. Therefore, the observed benefits associated with EM supplementation may not be directly attributable to any one specific component of the supplement (ie. lucosamine, chondroitin, etc. ); it may be more appropriate to assume that the combined effects of the known—and unknown—components of EM contribute to the observed improvements in joint health. A number of individual components in EM are known to have important roles in maintaining connective tissue in vivo, though the physiological mechanisms by which those components improve overall joint health through supplementation (flexibility, connective tissue repair and maintenance) have no t been measured in humans. One experiment, however, investigated the effects of EM supplementation on systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in rats [23]. In this study, rats were given oral doses of EM for 7 days. Significant decreases were observed in plasma levels of numerous inflammatory antigens following supplementation; thus, it is possible that the anti-inflammatory effects of oral EM supplements may contribute to the improvements in joint pain ratings seen in human trials. More research is warranted to investigate these effects. Interestingly, the most pronounced effects of FJC+ supplementation in this study were present in post-exercise ratings of joint pain. This may be due to the proposed anti-inflammatory benefits associated with EM. If the exercise challenge used in this investigation led to acute joint inflammation, it stands to reason that the most pronounced impact of EM would be to reduce the pain associated with this postexercise increase in inflammation.